With the innovation of modern technology as well as farming inputs, production in agriculture has actually increased by several folds up. For fulfilling the climbing demand of food supply, the conventional crop varieties have been changed by the high yielding ranges. Environment-friendly transformation happened in the country thanks to boosted seed selections, use chemical fertilizers, expansion of watering facilities and so on. It is obvious that this revolution included the unfortunate and unexpected cost of conventional crop selections, all-natural consistency and environmental equilibrium. Production expenses for plants have actually chaotically leaped, damaging the backbone of the low and also little farmers. The succeeding routines can be pleased with the increased manufacturing of crops, yet allowed’s not forget that the population has actually practically increased in the last 3 decades, as well as rates of basics have actually tripled. Population growth as well as rates of fundamentals with each other have actually far gone beyond agricultural manufacturing.
People in significant number have migrated from villages to towns for different income alternatives. Migration has a definite link with agricultural production as well as inflation. It has actually long been suggested that our land has shed fertility because of unplanned treatment, wrong cultivation practices, and inadequate as well as unsuitable state monitoring policy. The farmers and their conventional practices can be questioned but it holds true that they are always Smile Farm entrusted to what they have, as well as with little or no assistance, as well as with intolerable increase in, and also deficiency of farming inputs. The truth was discovered during our monitoring at the field level (January – March 2011), for instance, at Kushtia area. The peasants declare, there was a time 7/8 years back when they utilized to get 20 maunds (local weight dimension device; 40 kgs make 1 maund) of rice per bigha (area dimension device; approximately 1 bigha makes 0.33 acre), now they obtain 7/8 maunds on the standard. It’s difficult, otherwise impossible, for the small and also low land holders to rely on land outputs (crops) exclusively for their family members expenses any more.
Now the concern develops below – if the agriculture manufacturing, i.e., its return is much less than household expense, how do the farmhouses survive?
Without much description of peasants’ hardship, vulnerability, as well as source of income options, we see the interior migration of professions of farmhouse members to non-farm tasks and also factory or sector wage laborers. The farmhouses have actually selected cattle rearing on business basis, shop-keeping etc., and also the farmhouse participants have actually picked wage labors in mills, workshops, factories, as well as markets. This sensation has actually cut reliance of the farmhouses on income from farming crops, and also has actually unwinded problem on their possession of tiny landholdings. The farmhouse participants staying significantly in the houses can meet their very own costs, and also once in a while, rather purchase agriculture manufacturing. It is kept in mind that the inadequate capital of our farmhouses constricts ranch monitoring and crop diversification, which eventually and regularly causes inadequate farm manufacturing.
Here are 4 study from the exact same village. In the very first case research (household-1), the farmer experiences as a result of lack of financial investment funding, with no off-farm revenue earners in the family members. In the 2nd and also 3rd study (household-2,3), the farmhouses are doing well many thanks to the interaction of the home participants in bordering industries. According to the fourth study (household-4) also the landless farmer with boosted labor earnings and non-farm task is boosting his way of life.
In 2010, Mr. Nuruddin (head of household-1) of town Kathulia town of Kushtia district generated maize, hemp, paddy (of ranges Gazi, BR-33), til (sesame) as well as papaya. He invested a total amount of BDT (Tk.) 50600 (USD 1 = BDT 70 roughly), as well as obtained a web return of Tk. 30000. He offered out paddy straws, jute stems, a goat, bamboos as well as jack fruits as well as gained Tk. 18200. So, his overall revenue throughout the year stood at Tk. 48200, while his household expense for the same year was estimated at Tk. 56500.
Mr. Nuruddin, an old male of 80, has obtained his 4 daughters wed far from town. Round the year the loved ones visit them, which raise the household expenditures. Furthermore, he has to offer little monetary aid to them once in a while, as well as send out some farm and also homestead items to the children’ homes over the last few years. So, they run family members with restraints with food lack practically each year. His only son is a public college student, yet aids him in farming periodically. Nuruddin’s other half expands various leafy veggies on homestead round the year for residence intakes.
For financial restraints due to daughters’ marriage, family members’ visit etc., he might not make bigger financial investment to grow successful crops, as well as can’t take excellent treatment of his crops. So, he usually obtains lower harvest, as well as can’t get cattle. He took a bank loan of Tk. 25000 in 2004, however invested all for family purposes, and also might not pay off the funding in time. In 2008, the car loan quantity stood at Tk. 37000 with rate of interest, which he could not settle. So, with the recommendations of a bank field police officer, he got an additional finance of Tk. 39000, where he paid back his previous due loan. At the end of 2010 the secondly due car loan stood at around Tk. 43000 once again. He does not understand how to repay this quantity. At the end of 2010, he gave out 2 bighas of arrive at kot (local land leasing system) for Tk. 100000. He claims, “Besides impressive bank loans, yearly I have a deficiency of Tk. 4000-5000. I have also tiny lendings from NGOs, which I pay back with difficulty, however outstanding bank loans allow stress for me”.
Nuruddin’s child added, “Farmers get small business loan and complete them promptly to meet food and also various other continuing household demands without thinking much that they have to repay it in time, which’s the way the financings can be found in bigger quantity in some years with included rate of interests, for which farmers sell out lands finally in a lot of cases.”
Rm. Arshed Ali (head of household-2) created rice of various varieties including Gazi, IRRI-10 and also 28. He obtained a harvest of 90 maunds (3600 kgs) worth Tk. 77100. He invested Tk. 29250 for manufacturing. His web return was Tk. 47850. He also created eggplants of 30 maunds (1200 kgs) worth Tk. 15600. He spent Tk. 7000 for this production as well as obtained an internet return of Tk. 8600. He spent Tk. 2000 to generate 10 maunds (400 kgs) of cabbage worth Tk. 5000 with a web return of Tk. 3000. He marketed paddy straws at Tk. 12000. From all the crops of his cultivated land he made an internet return of Tk. 71450 in 2010.
In 2010, he raised livestock as well as made a web return of Tk. 50000 with an investment of Tk. 350000, in which Tk. 30000 is estimated as unpaid household labor.
Arshed’s one kid aged 30 with secondary school degree education is a factory laborer. Currently, he gains an overall of Tk. 60000 in a year. The household gains a total amount of Tk. 181450 annually from both ranch produces, cattle and also non-farm earning, while the family members expenditure is estimated at Tk. 180000.
In 2009, Arshed leased in a fish farm, and also however could not make benefit from it, and that year he had a herbal medication store in the town market. From this organization he constructed from profit of around 30000. He likewise operates in the village as a mediator in numerous settlement as well as lawsuits, from which he has an income, which can not be estimated. Nonetheless, from these included in this income from livestock raising, he made a block house in 2009-2010.
He claimed, “With conventional plant manufacturing with small area of land, we can not run our family members. Because I have to preserve a family standing, and some visitors likewise come typically, so my household expense is likewise high contrasted to others. That’s why I think of making from various sources.”
Mr. Abdur Rahim (head of household-3) created rice of different selections including Gazi, IRRI-10, 11, 12, 9. He got a harvest of 78 maunds (3120 kgs) worth Tk. 54200. He spent Tk. 31477 for manufacturing. His internet return was Tk. 22723. He likewise created hemp of 8 maunds (320 kgs) worth Tk. 12000. He spent Tk. 4000 for this production and also got a web return of Tk. 8000. He created onion (2 maunds = 80 kgs) worth Tk. 2000 and garlic (1.5 maunds = 60 kgs) worth Tk. 6000. For production of both onion as well as garlic he spent Tk. 2000, and from these he made a net return of Tk. 6000. He offered paddy straws and jute stems at Tk. 20000. From all the plants of his cultivated land he made a net return of Tk. 56723 in 2010.
In 2010, he reared cattle and also made a web return of Tk. 47000 with an investment of Tk. 20000.
Rahim’s two kids, one aged 32 without official education, as well as the various other aged 30 with secondary school degree education and learning, are manufacturing facility laborers. Presently, they gain a total of Tk. 156000 in a year. The household gains a total amount of Tk. 259723 from both ranch generates, cattle and also non-farm earning, while the family members expenditure is estimated at Tk. 199700. This year (2011) he takes another 15 kathas (city measurement system; 1 katha makes about 1.6 decimals) of come down on kot at Tk. 70000.
Around 15 years back, Rahim split from moms and dads, as well as started his small family on his very own. That time he had 3 bighas of land. He got another 3 bighas of land in the last 10 years. He got land items of 10/12 kathas each time at Tk. around 20000-30000 per bighas. 2 years back, he constructed brick residence with a cost of around Tk. 300000.
He claimed, “Income from land is dropping currently. As soon as we got around 20 maunds of rice per bigha. Last year we generated 8-10 maunds of rice per bigha. Household income generally originates from livestock and also goats. With this earnings, I do this that, purchase and raise things. Money for home construction likewise originated from livestock rearing. Besides, the elder kid works in company for last 2 years, and also the younger one helps 4/5 years. They add to the earnings. They help run family members. ”
Akram Hossain (head of household-4) possesses no land in all, yet he maintains land for farming annually. Over years he gives labor to farming farms and runs his household with labor incomes. He raises livestock as well as goat each year, and thus makes some profit out of it. In 2010, he gained around Tk. 54000 from wage labors at Tk. 150 each day and also at Tk. 4500 on the average per month. In 2010, he kept 4 bighas of come down on kot. From the manufacturing of rice and wheat, he made a take-home pay of Tk. 22260 and Tk. 4900 specifically. He additionally gained Tk. 7200 from sale of paddy straws. From cattle rearing throughout the year, he obtained an internet return of Tk. 15000. He likewise handed out one and also fifty percent bighas of land for share chopping, from where he got his share of plant worth Tk. 6000. From both farm manufacturings, livestock rearing and labor salaries, he gained a total of Tk. 109360. His family members expense is calculated at Tk. 71000 for year 2010.
When inquired about his earning and ranch production, he claimed, “The rice I get from farming remains mostly for family intake over a year. I sell out other plants. My major income is ranch labor, as well as livestock and goat rearing. I can birth the education and learning costs of my kid of class seven, and additionally can conserve some money for following year financial investment for livestock.”
The other farmers talking about Akram commented that Akram does not need to sell out plants since he makes from labor incomes to fulfill family costs. They additionally claimed, people like him in the village are doing well these days. They go to secure status.
Conclusion:
Side-by-side with the big industries, expansion of little range markets at the semi-urban locations beside rural areas with correct interest to ecological concerns as well as precaution in all districts, possibly in any way upazilas and also union levels (local management devices), can produce higher employment of the farmhouse participants. Regional individuals create their very own ingenious suggestions and enterprises, which hire rural young people. In a lot of cases, the industry people and interest groups are discovered acting as well as propagating versus tiny sectors. Neighborhood public officials (line ministries) can resolve such dilemmas if any, and encourage the small business owners at urban borders beside rural areas, with motivations if needed. If markets especially related to food processing, rural transportation, or house necessaries expand at rural areas with proper caution for environment as well as unsafe labor, and also without losing cultivable land, can instead conserve farming families from losing lands, assistance enduring agricultural production and also meeting other expenditures consisting of those for education. The poor, low as well as small farmhouse participants are found to have actually invested share of their income from alternative off-farm activities (for example, from livestock raising) as well as sectors in their agriculture farming, which marks a better monitoring of their agriculture farming and also land. This suggests an improved and also encouraging rural economy.